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LaTeX

LaTeX是在TeX基础上,规范化出了一种格式,一种编写风格。可以理解为LaTeX是由TeX写的。

符号文档:按字母排序 按类型排序

画符号显示符号名称:Detexify

在线手写公式生成数学表达式代码:https://webdemo.myscript.com/views/math/index.html#

详细文档:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics

LaTeX存在大量第三方插件扩展,包括不限于:Amsmath、MathTools、mathrsfs、amsfonts、xcolor...

文档尽量不考虑扩展确保兼容

使用方法:

类型 内联公式 显示的方程 显示并自动编号的方程
Environment math displaymath equation
LaTeX \(...\) \[...\]
TeX $...$ $$...$$
Comment equation* (starred version) suppresses numbering, but requires amsmath
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$$
E=mc^2
$$

\[ f(n) =
  \begin{cases}
    n/2       & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\
    -(n+1)/2  & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}
  \end{cases}
\]
\[ f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2 & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\ -(n+1)/2 & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd} \end{cases} \]

符号

关系符号

象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(<\) < \(>\) >
\(\leq\) \leq \(\geq\) \geq
\(\ll\) \ll \(\gg\) \gg
\(\subset\) \subset \(\supset\) \supset
\(\subseteq\) \subseteq \(\supseteq\) \supseteq
\(\nsubseteq\) \nsubseteq \(\nsupseteq\) \nsupseteq
\(\sqsubset\) \sqsubset \(\sqsupset\) \sqsupset
\(\sqsubseteq\) \sqsubseteq \(\sqsupseteq\) \sqsupseteq
\(\preceq\) \preceq \(\succeq\) \succeq
\(\therefore\) \therefore \(\because\) \because
\(\parallel\) \parallel \(\nparallel\) \nparallel
\(\asymp\) \asymp \(\bowtie\) \bowtie
\(\vdash\) \vdash \(\dashv\) \dashv
\(\in\) \in \(\ni\) \ni
\(\smile\) \smile \(\frown\) \frown
\(\models\) \models \(\notin\) \notin
\(\perp\) \perp \(\mid\) \mid
\(\prec\) \prec \(\succ\) \succ
\(\sphericalangle\) \sphericalangle \(\measuredangle\) \measuredangle
象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(=\) = \(\simeq\) \simeq
\(\doteq\) \doteq \(\sim\) \sim
\(\equiv\) \equiv \(\propto\) \propto
\(\approx\) \approx \(\neq\) \neq
\(\cong\) \cong

二进制操作

象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(\pm\) \pm \(\cap\) \cap
\(\mp\) \mp \(\cup\) \cup
\(\times\) \times \(\uplus\) \uplus
\(\div\) \div \(\sqcap\) \sqcap
\(\ast\) \ast \(\sqcup\) \sqcup
\(\star\) \star \(\vee\) \vee
\(\dagger\) \dagger \(\wedge\) \wedge
\(\ddagger\) \ddagger \(\cdot\) \cdot
\(\diamond\) \diamond \(\oplus\) \oplus
\(\bigtriangleup\) \bigtriangleup \(\ominus\) \ominus
\(\bigtriangledown\) \bigtriangledown \(\otimes\) \otimes
\(\triangleleft\) \triangleleft \(\oslash\) \oslash
\(\triangleright\) \triangleright \(\odot\) \odot
\(\bigcirc\) \bigcirc \(\circ\) \circ
\(\bullet\) \bullet \(\setminus\) \setminus
\(\wr\) \wr \(\amalg\) \amalg

设置和/或逻辑符号

象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(\exists\) \exists \(\rightarrow\) \rightarrow\to
\(\nexists\) \nexists \(\leftarrow\) \leftarrow\gets
\(\forall\) \forall \(\mapsto\) \mapsto
\(\neg\) \neg \(\implies\) \implies
\(\impliedby\) \impliedby \(\Rightarrow\) \Rightarrow\implies
\(\leftrightarrow\) \leftrightarrow \(\Leftrightarrow\) \Leftrightarrow
\(\iff\) \iff \(\angle\) \angle
\(\land\) \land \(\lor\) \lor
\(\top\) \top \(\bot\) \bot
\(\emptyset\) \emptyset \(\varnothing\) \varnothing
\(\rightleftharpoons\) \rightleftharpoons

分隔符

象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(\mid\) \mid \(\|\) \|
\(\{\) \{ \(\}\) \}
\(\uparrow\) \uparrow \(\Uparrow\) \Uparrow
\(\downarrow\) \downarrow \(\Downarrow\) \Downarrow
\(/\) / \(\backslash\) \backslash
\(\langle\) \langle \(\rangle\) \rangle
\(\lceil\) \lceil \(\rceil\) \rceil
\(\lfloor\) \lfloor \(\rfloor\) \rfloor

希腊字母

象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(A\) A \(\alpha\) \alpha
\(B\) B \(\beta\) \beta
\(\Gamma\) \Gamma \(\gamma\) \gamma
\(\Delta\) \Delta \(\delta\) \delta
\(E\) E \(\epsilon\) \(\varepsilon\) \epsilon \varepsilon
\(Z\) Z \(\zeta\) \zeta
\(H\) H \(\eta\) \eta
\(\Theta\) \Theta $ heta$ \(\vartheta\) \theta \vartheta
\(I\) I \(\iota\) \iota
\(K\) K \(\kappa\) \(\varkappa\) \kappa \varkappa
\(\Lambda\) \Lambda \(\lambda\) \lambda
\(M\) M \(\mu\) \mu
\(N\) N \(\nu\) \nu
\(\Xi\) \Xi \(\xi\) \xi
\(O\) O \(o\) o
\(\Pi\) \Pi \(\pi\) \(\varpi\) \pi \varpi
\(P\) P \(\rho\) \(\varrho\) \rho \varrho
\(\Sigma\) \Sigma \(\sigma\) \(\varsigma\) \sigma \varsigma
\(T\) T \(\tau\) \tau
\(Y\) Y \(\Upsilon\) \(\upsilon\) \Upsilon \upsilon
\(\Phi\) \Phi \(\phi\) \(\varphi\) \phi \varphi
\(X\) X \(\chi\) \chi
\(\Psi\) \Psi \(\psi\) \psi
\(\Omega\) \Omega \(\omega\) \omega

其他符号

象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(\partial\) \partial \(\imath\) \imath
\(\eth\) \eth \(\jmath\) \jmath
\(\hbar\) \hbar \(\ell\) \ell
\(\Re\) \Re \(\nabla\) \nabla
\(\Im\) \Im \(\Box\) \Box
\(\wp\) \wp \(\infty\) \infty
\(\aleph\) \aleph \(\beth\) \beth
\(\gimel\) \gimel

三角函数

象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(\sin\) \sin \(\arcsin\) \arcsin
\(\cos\) \cos \(\arccos\) \arccos
\(\tan\) \tan \(\arctan\) \arctan
\(\cot\) \cot \(\arccot\) \arccot
\(\sinh\) \sinh \(\sec\) \sec
\(\cosh\) \cosh \(\csc\) \csc
\(\tanh\) \tanh \(\coth\) \coth

和与积分

象征 脚本 象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(\sum\) \sum \(\prod\) \prod \(\coprod\) \coprod
\(\bigoplus\) \bigoplus \(\bigotimes\) \bigotimes \(\bigodot\) \bigodot
\(\bigcup\) \bigcup \(\bigcap\) \bigcap \(\biguplus\) \biguplus
\(\bigsqcup\) \bigsqcup \(\bigvee\) \bigvee \(\bigwedge\) \bigwedge
\(\int\) \int \(\oint\) \oint \(\iint\) \iint
\(\iiint\) \iiint \(\iiiint\) \iiiint \(\idotsint\) \idotsint

公式排版

行内公式: 使用$包裹公式 \(E=mc^2\)

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$E=mc^2$

独立公式: 使用$$包裹公式

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$$
E=mc^2
$$

特殊转义字符

# $ & ~ _ ^ \ { } %这些字符在MarkDown中有特殊的意义,在需要使用这些字符的时候,需要进行转义

公式

极限: \(\lim\limits_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0\)

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$\lim\limits_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0$

幂和指数: \(k_{n+1} = n^2 + k_n^2 - k_{n-1}\)

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$k_{n+1} = n^2 + k_n^2 - k_{n-1}$

分数和二项式: \(\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k} \neq ^3/_7\)

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\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k} \neq ^3/_7

连续分数

\[ \begin{equation} x = a_0 + \cfrac{1}{a_1 + \cfrac{1}{a_2 + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cfrac{1}{a_4} } } } \end{equation} \]
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\begin{equation}
  x = a_0 + \cfrac{1}{a_1 
          + \cfrac{1}{a_2 
          + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cfrac{1}{a_4} } } }
\end{equation}

两个数字的乘法

\[ \begin{equation} \frac{ \begin{array}[b]{r} \left( x_1 x_2 \right)\\ \times \left( x'_1 x'_2 \right) \end{array} }{ \left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 \right) } \end{equation} \]
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\begin{equation}
\frac{
    \begin{array}[b]{r}
      \left( x_1 x_2 \right)\\
      \times \left( x'_1 x'_2 \right)
    \end{array}
  }{
    \left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 \right)
  }
\end{equation}

根号

\(\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}}\)

\(\sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+\dots+x^n}\)

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\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}}
\sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+\dots+x^n}

和与积分

\(\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i\)

\(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i\)

\(\int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x\)

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\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i
\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i
\int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x
\[ \sum_{\substack{ 0<i<m \\ 0<j<n }} P(i,j) \]
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\sum_{\substack{
   0<i<m \\
   0<j<n
  }} 
 P(i,j)

\(\int\limits_a^b\)

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\int\limits_a^b

矩阵和数组

需要 Amsmath 软件包

\[ \begin{matrix} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{matrix} \]
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\[
 \begin{matrix}
  a & b & c \\
  d & e & f \\
  g & h & i
 \end{matrix}
\]
\[ A_{m,n} = \begin{pmatrix} a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & \cdots & a_{1,n} \\ a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & \cdots & a_{2,n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{m,1} & a_{m,2} & \cdots & a_{m,n} \end{pmatrix} \]
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A_{m,n} = 
 \begin{pmatrix}
  a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & \cdots & a_{1,n} \\
  a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & \cdots & a_{2,n} \\
  \vdots  & \vdots  & \ddots & \vdots  \\
  a_{m,1} & a_{m,2} & \cdots & a_{m,n} 
 \end{pmatrix}
\[\begin{array}{c|c} 1 & 2 \\ \hline 3 & 4 \end{array}\]
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\begin{array}{c|c}
  1 & 2 \\ 
  \hline
  3 & 4
 \end{array}
\[ M = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\[0.3em] \frac{5}{6} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em] 0 & \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} \end{bmatrix} \]
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M = \begin{bmatrix}
       \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} & 0           \\[0.3em]
       \frac{5}{6} & 0           & \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em]
       0           & \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6}
     \end{bmatrix}

分隔符大小

自动调整

\(\left(\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right) = (\frac{x^2}{y^3})\)

\(P\left(A=2\middle|\frac{A^2}{B}>4\right)\)

\(\left\{\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right\}\)

\(\left.\frac{x^3}{3}\right|_0^1\)

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\left(\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right) = (\frac{x^2}{y^3})

P\left(A=2\middle|\frac{A^2}{B}>4\right)

\left\{\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right\}

\left.\frac{x^3}{3}\right|_0^1

手动调整

\(( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg(\)

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( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg(

\(\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \left( k g(x) \right) = \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \big( k g(x) \big)\)

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\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \left( k g(x) \right) = \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \big( k g(x) \big)

常用案例

\(f(x)=a^2+b\)

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$f(x)=a^2+b$
\[ \begin{Bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{Bmatrix} \]
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$$
\begin{Bmatrix}
   a & b \\
   c & d
\end{Bmatrix}
$$

加法符号:\(x+y=z\)
减法符号:\(x-y=z\)
加减符号:\(x pm y=z\)
减加符号:\(x mp y=z\)
叉乘符号:\(x times y=z\)
点乘符号:\(x cdot y=z\)
星乘符号:\(x ast y=z\)
除法符号:\(x div y=z\)
斜除符号:\(x/y=z\)
分式1:\(frac{x+y}{y+z}\) 分式2:\({x+y} over {y+z}\)
绝对值:\(|x+y|\)

设置数学符号的格式

默认数学字体: \(\mathnormal{ABCDEFabcdef123456}\)

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\mathnormal{ABCDEFabcdef123456}

计量单位,一字函数: \(\mathrm{ABCDEFabcdef123456}\)

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\mathrm{ABCDEFabcdef123456}

多字母函数或变量名称: \(\mathit{ABCDEFabcdef123456}\)

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\mathit{ABCDEFabcdef123456}

向量: \(\mathbf{ABCDEFabcdef123456}\)

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\mathbf{ABCDEFabcdef123456}

类别: \(\mathsf{ABCDEFabcdef123456}\)

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\mathsf{ABCDEFabcdef123456}

无: \(\mathtt{ABCDEFabcdef123456}\)

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\mathtt{ABCDEFabcdef123456}

向量: \(\mathcal{ABCDEF}\)

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\mathcal{ABCDEF}

音标

象征 脚本 象征 脚本
\(a'\) a'a^{\prime} \(a''\) a''
\(\hat{a}\) \hat{a} \(\bar{a}\) \bar{a}
\(\grave{a}\) \grave{a} \(\acute{a}\) \acute{a}
\(\dot{a}\) \dot{a} \(\ddot{a}\) \ddot{a}
\(\not{a}\) \not{a} \(\mathring{a}\) \mathring{a}
\(\overrightarrow{AB}\) \overrightarrow{AB} \(\overleftarrow{AB}\) \overleftarrow{AB}
\(a'''\) a''' \(a''''\) a''''
\(\overline{aaa}\) \dot{a} \(\check{a}\) \check{a}
\(\breve{a}\) \breve{a} \(\vec{a}\) \vec{a}
\(\widehat{AAA}\) \widehat{AAA} \(\widetilde{AAA}\) \widetilde{AAA}
\(\stackrel\frown{AAA}\) \stackrel\frown{AAA} $ ilde{a}$ \tilde{a}
\(\underline{a}\) \underline{a} \(\ddot{a}\) \ddot{a}

控制水平间距

\[ f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2 & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\ -(n+1)/2 & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd} \end{cases} \]
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\[ f(n) =
  \begin{cases}
    n/2       & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is even}\\
    -(n+1)/2  & \quad \text{if } n \text{ is odd}
  \end{cases}
\]